Can serine be phosphorylated?
Can serine be phosphorylated?
Phosphorylation is found most commonly on specific serine and threonine amino acid residues in proteins, but it also occurs on tyrosine and other amino acid residues (histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid) as well.
How does phosphorylation affect serine?
Diagram of serine phosphorylation. Enzyme-catalyzed proton transfer from the (–OH) group on serine stimulates the nucleophilic attack of the γ-phosphate group on ATP, resulting in transfer of the phosphate group to serine to form phosphoserine and ADP.
Where is serine phosphorylated?
Serine-23 is a major protein kinase A phosphorylation site on the amino-terminal head domain of the middle molecular mass subunit of neurofilament proteins. J Neurochem. 1999 Feb;72(2):491-9. doi: 10.1046/j.
What does phosphorylation of transcription factors do?
Phosphorylation is a prevalent mechanism by which transcription factors are regulated in response to cellular signals. In addition to its role as a cAMP-responsive activator, CREB seems to be phosphorylated and to promote cellular gene expression in response to growth factor signals.
How do you know if a protein is phosphorylated?
Methods for Detecting Protein Phosphorylation
- Introduction.
- Kinase Activity Assays.
- Phospho-Specific Antibody Development.
- Western Blot.
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- Cell-Based ELISA.
- Intracellular Flow Cytometry and ICC/IHC.
- Mass Spectrometry.
Where does phosphorylation occur?
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells (glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (Krebs cycle). It can occur under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and provides a quicker, but less efficient source of ATP compared to oxidative phosphorylation.
How does phosphorylation increase the reactivity of glucose?
Phosphorylation allows cells to accumulate sugars because the phosphate group prevents the molecules from diffusing back across their transporter. Phosphorylation of glucose is a key reaction in sugar metabolism because many sugars are first converted to glucose before they are metabolized further.
When serine residue is phosphorylated which pathway is stimulated?
MAP kinase pathway
The phosphorylation of Serine(612/632) required the activation of the MAP kinase pathway following short-term insulin stimulation and activation of the PI 3-kinase/mTOR pathway following prolonged insulin stimulation.
Where are transcription factors phosphorylated?
the nucleus
One mechanism depends on the regulated translocation of activated protein kinases from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate target transcription factors. In the second mechanism, transcription factors are kept in a latent state in the cytoplasm and are translocated into the nucleus upon activation.
How does protein phosphorylation affect gene expression?
In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation plays a key role in cell signaling, gene expression, and differentiation. Protein phosphorylation is also involved in the global control of DNA replication during the cell cycle, as well as in the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks.
How do you find a phosphorylation site in a protein?
How is phosphorylated protein detected in Western blot?
To quantify a phosphorylated protein, fluorescent conjugated antibodies can be used to detect phosphorylated and total proteins on the same blot in a process called multiplexing.
Why can serine be phosphorylated?
hailmacbeth. · 6y. Remember, phosphorylation has to happen with any amino acid that has a hydroxyl group in it’s side chain because more often than not, phosphorylation happens in an esterification type reaction. So, Serine/Threonine, Tyrosine, and others with a hydroxyl in their side chain are prime targets for this.
What is phosphorylation and why is it important?
Purposes of Phosphorylation. Phosphorylation plays a critical regulatory role in cells.
How does phosphorylation affect protein activity?
Phosphorylation regulates protein function and cell signaling by causing conformational changes in the phosphorylated protein. These changes can affect the protein in two ways. First, conformational changes regulate the catalytic activity of the protein.
Mitochondria. To understand how ATP is made,we must look at mitochondria,which are the cellular bodies where ATP is produced.